📈 Equity Investments

Gordon Growth Model & Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Formula

Gordon Growth Model formula explained. Dividend discount model for stock valuation — single-stage and multi-stage DDM with worked examples.

Key Concepts

Intrinsic Value

True worth based on fundamentals. Compare to market price: undervalued if V > P.

Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

V = Σ D<sub>t</sub>/(1+r)<sup>t</sup>. Value of stock = PV of all expected future dividends.

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Formulas

From this module

Gordon Growth Model

V0 = D1 / (r - g)

Where: D<sub>1</sub> = next year dividend, r = required return, g = constant growth

Multi-Stage DDM

V = Σ Dt/(1+r)t + Vn/(1+r)n

Where: V<sub>n</sub> = terminal value using Gordon model

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Master Formula Sheet -- Equity Investments

DDM (Gordon Growth)

V₀ = D₁ / (r - g)

Constant growth dividend model

Required Return (DDM)

r = (D₁/P₀) + g

Dividend yield + growth rate

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Decision Frameworks

When to use DDM vs Multiples?

Use when:

  • DDM: mature dividend-paying companies, when dividends are predictable
  • Multiples: quick comparison, when detailed forecasting is impractical
  • EV/EBITDA: comparing firms with different leverage

Avoid when:

  • DDM for non-dividend-paying companies
  • P/E when earnings are negative or highly volatile

Test Your Understanding

D<sub>1</sub> = $3.00, r = 12%, g = 4%. Stock value per Gordon Growth Model:

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